Pied Beauty free essay sample

Remark intently on the accompanying sonnet, examining how successful the artist shows his esteem for nature. Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins 611 words first and foremost, God made the sky and the Earth and the entirety of its scenes. Gerard Manly Hopkins strongly shows his reverence and adoration of nature, with it being his principle subject, in â€Å"Pied Beauty†. Through different and viable employments of structure, symbolism and imagery he exhibits his affection for the world. As a matter of first importance, when taking a gander at the structure and arrangement of the sonnet, it intently looks like that of a petition appeared by the one refrain group, the â€Å"Glory be to God† presentation and the â€Å"Praise him† end. Hopkins presents the idea of deism so right off the bat since his mindset of nature being so exquisite and ? awless persuades that lone perfect intercession could have made something so satisfying. The mood present in the sonnet never loses its moderate, delicate ? ow, utilizing just two full stops in the whole sonnet, to reenact the air of a quiet scene in nature. We will compose a custom paper test on Pied Beauty or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Besides, the whole sonnet paints pictures spread over the entire shading range. From â€Å"brinded cow† to â€Å"rose-moles† to even â€Å"? recoal[s]† and â€Å"chestnut[s]† Hopkins’ utilization of symbolism makes an excellent perfect work of art of different tones that re? ects his view of nature. Hopkins utilizes imaginative terms, for example, â€Å"dappled†, not on the grounds that he was a painter at that point, yet in addition since he needed to pass on the charm of all thing. Indeed, even the broadly unappealing dairy animals is attracted a positive light being depicted as that of â€Å"couple-colour† and being â€Å"brinded† with it’s interesting spots. This ‘collage’ that Hopkins makes connects back to the possibility of an obscure, unrivaled being making everything brilliant. Much like how he painted as a leisure activity, Hopkins depicts God as a craftsman fashioning the entirety of nature. Penultimately, with language, for example, anaphora and sibilance, just as other sound gadgets, Hopkins makes a pace and tone ? tting for nature. Utilizing numerous fricatives like â€Å"fold, decrepit, and plough† he fabricates an extension between these things of nature and goes along with them indicating that everything is special yet interconnected simultaneously for instance â€Å"? kle, freckled† and â€Å"fresh-? recoals†. Additionally, with sibilance, for example, â€Å"swift, slow; sweet, sour†, Hopkins keeps up the pace of the sonnet and uses delicate â€Å"s† sounds to correspond to nature’s delicate character. Just as this, the endings of all lines are loose and stretched in or der to show the absence of forcefullness: for example, â€Å"plough†. Finally, the imagery of the untamed life utilized in â€Å"Pied Beauty† shows the assortment of magnificence that Hopkins finds in nature. At the point when he discusses the differentiating â€Å"fresh-? recoal† and â€Å"chestnut-falls† he talks about the intricate pattern of life on the planet. The ready chestnuts speak to all trees and foliage and the ? recoal represents the inevitable destruction of all plant matter. The sparkles of new? recoals additionally speaks to the tenderness of even the most hazardous components of nature further stressing the benevolent demeanor of the world. Just as ? re and vegetation, Hopkins utilizes the ? nch as a portrayal of the opportunity on Earth. Flying creatures, much like ? sh and even trees, develop and proceed onward their own agreement on account of the lighthearted manner of nature. What's more, Hopkins, as a human, obviously respects the huge breadths of the planet and the freedom that accompanies it. Through utilization of randomness impacts, for example, language, it shows that Gerard Manley Hopkins communicates genuine thankfulness for nature. Be that as it may, for what reason should the writer accentuate his esteem for this planet so incredibly? After some time, humankind has wandered from the way of nature and underestimated the assets Mother Earth has talented us. Humanity will die should we wind up annihilating what is lovely on the planet.

Memo to CEO on Eva Concept Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reminder to CEO on Eva Concept - Coursework Example What is EVA? The technique for deciding a company’s genuine money related execution spearheaded by Stern Stewart and Co. changes money related answering to incorporate the expense of capital costs. Harsh Stewart and Co.’s monetary worth included measurement deducts the expense of capital from the net benefit after duties. An organization working effectively, with no collection of overabundance capital or resources may not be proceeding just as proportion investigation ventures. EVA considers the expense of raising capital, just as expected working costs, indicating both the current monetary wellbeing of the organization and the financial effect on riches age for investors and different speculators. EVA shows the all out total assets of the organization in the wake of taking away working costs and costs like profits to investors and lien holders. The subsequent numbers give a strong portrayal of the company’s current budgetary wellbeing, however not with the detai l offered by proportion investigation. Step by step instructions to Calculate EVA Determining EVA is considerably less required than other money related execution following techniques. The equation for creating a last numerical worth is EVA = NOPAT - c * capital. NOPAT represents net working benefits after duties, and the â€Å"c† alludes to the weighted normal expense of capital. Utilizing this straightforward equation, organizations can get a fast look at their all out exhibition. Adding an EVA figuring to a current monetary report is fast, given the money related following as of now set up. Existing archives, assessment form, benefit and misfortune articulations, records, etc, give all the required data to produce a solid number utilizing the EVA equation. One of the advantages of consolidating EVA in budgetary announcing is the capacity to increase an away from of execution, separated from any flawed bookkeeping changes. Huge organizations like Enron figured out how to sh ow positive numbers on monetary proportion examination, in any event, when scarcely dissolvable. Counting EVA evacuates that component of hazard while creating money related reports. Another advantage to including EVA computations is the capacity to tailor remuneration all the more near outcomes. At the point when used to show financial benefit after an administration change, considering the monetary benefit at the hour of the switch, the adjustment in last EVA from that point and now show the measure of organization benefits owing to the particular administration representative or group. Obviously, numerous different components may impact the last benefit result, yet EVA gives upper administration an approach to rapidly react to clear upgrades actualized on a division level. Indicating the Company in the Best Light with EVA Although EVA doesn't take into consideration a portion of the bookkeeping changes which make proportion investigation inconsistent when utilized by exploitative money related officials, there are still approaches to improve the last number. At last, while improving the EVA, an organization should either build all out benefits or lower absolute costs. Rebuilding obligation can have a major effect on absolute financial benefit. For instance, if an organization gains $7.8M net after assessments, with a weighted normal expense of capital at 6.3% and an all out contributed capital of $26.3M. The recipe would then peruse 7.8 - .0063 * 26.3 = $7.6, indicating an organization with exceptionally solid monetary benefit. Obviously, the aggregate for contributed capital would normally be required to be a lot higher. Remembered for that

Biofeedback and Stress Relief

Biofeedback and Stress Relief September 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Frances Twitty/Getty Images Biofeedback is a way to measure the body’s physiological responses in real-time, and a tool to learn to control them. Biofeedback generally relies on machines that measure heart rate, muscle tension or even brain waves, and usually requires a therapist or other health professional to operate the machine, explain what the readings mean, and work with clients to incorporate the information into lifestyle changes. However, there are some exceptions to this, which we’ll discuss later on in this article. How Does Biofeedback Work? Most often, biofeedback helps people control their stress response, by realizing when it’s underway and employing relaxation techniques like deep breathing, visualizations, and meditation to calm their physiological arousal. Many of the benefits of biofeedback simply come from the increased relaxation in your body and the lack of a chronically triggered fight-or-flight response. Because chronic stress can be a trigger for many negative health symptoms, this can offer a significant and palpable improvement in the way people feel and how their bodies function. By helping you learn how your body is currently functioning, biofeedback can help you to know what to change. Also, by showing you in ‘real-time’ which relaxation techniques are working and which aren’t, you’re able to more easily grasp effective ways to relax your body’s physiology and incorporate healthier habits into your lifestyle. What Does It Treat? Because biofeedback can with stress-related conditions by helping to reverse the stress response (and help you keep from letting it be triggered in the first place!), it can be useful with a variety of conditions. Biofeedback has been popularly used for anxiety, tension headaches, pain, IBS, general stress, and several other conditions. How to Get Started With Biofeedback There are some ways in which you’re probably already using a very simple form of biofeedback: Physical Awareness: Some physical responses can be easily sensed without equipment, of course. When your body becomes tense, that’s a natural message that you’re stressed. Shallow breathing can be another. Becoming aware of your body’s stress signals can arguably be a sort of natural form of ‘biofeedback’.Household Tools: Scales, thermometers, and even mirrors can tell you about some of your body’s functioning by pointing out excess weight, fevers, and visible signs of stress like acne. Both of these methods tell you about your physiology and help you to know that healthy changes are required, but are only the tip of the iceberg. Traditional biofeedback usually involves much more sophisticated measurements that can change more rapidly and are more difficult for the layperson to detect on their own. Usually, standard biofeedback necessitates the use of a biofeedback technicianâ€"a therapist or health professionalâ€"but recently, home biofeedback equipment has become readily available to consumers. Wild Divine is a pioneer in this field, and has created a home biofeedback system that hooks up to your home computer, takes measurements from three fingers, and tells you in real-time how your physiology is responding to the meditation and stress management techniques it teaches you with the help of health gurus like Deepak Chopra, Dr. Dean Ornish, and Dr. Andrew Weil. Ive used their system and personally think its great. As mentioned, there are also many biofeedback practitioners out there who can help you understand how your physiology is responding to stress, and help you to perfect strategies to calm your body and your mind, and stay healthier in the process. One of the best ways to find a good practitioner is to ask your doctor for a referral.

Maps and Locations of African Countries

Scaffolding And Its Effects On The Classroom - 1803 Words

Scaffolding When a person puts up or builds scaffolding, they are making something that temporarily supports a larger object. It is used to assist something larger until a project or work site is complete. In education, teachers play the role of scaffolding when it comes to how students learn and what they ultimately grasp at the end of their journey through school. Scaffolding can be referred to as a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process. â€Å"Scaffolding† was first coined by psychologist and instructional designer, Jerome Bruner, in the 1960s. Bruner recommends positive interaction and three modes of representation†¦show more content†¦When the students appear to understand the material, they are to join the teacher in solving a new problem. Their understanding is checked as they continue to solve problems. If it appears that the students need more instruction, then more modeling is providing in order to assist the students. If the students are able to demonstrate their knowledge clearly, then the teacher fades, or simply steps away. This allows the students to work independently, but support is always available on hand by the teacher if needed. There are many different benefits of scaffolding in the classroom, but four main factors seem to stand out more often than others. The first benefit is that it keeps test takers focused on what they are doing or what they need to get done. Being inherently responsive to each child’s needs, scaffolding enables students to maintain engagement and motivation to complete assessment tasks. The second benefit is that it helps to generate formative data that is useful to educators. If a student encounters instructional scaffolding while they are being assessed, their responses will be aligned to their zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development is best linked with Lev Vygotsky. It can be defined as the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving underShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Learners : How Scaffolding Helps830 Words   |  4 PagesA ssessments for English Language Learners: How Scaffolding Helps.† Siegel, M., Menon, D., Sinha, S., Promyod, N., Wissehr, C., Halverson, K. (2014). Equitable Written Assessments for English Language Learners: How Scaffolding Helps. J Sci Teacher Educ Journal of Science Teacher Education, 681-708. In the article Equitable Written Assessments for English Language Learners: How Scaffolding Helps, the researchers investigated the effects of scaffolding on classroom written assessments for English languageRead MoreVygotsky - Zone of Proximal Development Essay example1322 Words   |  6 PagesHow can Vygotsky’s notion of the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’, and the related concept of ‘scaffolding’, be used to provide appropriate education and support to the full range of students in the classroom? Teaching is not just a matter of standing in front of a class and distributing knowledge to a group of learners. Teaching is a much more complex procedure that requires educators to consider a variety of educational components in order to maximize a learner’s true potential. Teachers are responsibleRead MoreImplementing Observational Learning 844 Words   |  4 Pagesobservational learning and how it may be implemented within the classroom. The paper first explores a workable definition of observational learning primarily through the concept of modeling and vicarious learning. The second part discusses the roles of the teacher and environment. The paper then discusses how observational learning may be used to teach positive attitudes and effective thinking skills, also achieved through vicarious learning. â€Å"Scaffolding†, a learning strategy that utilizes observational andRead More Guidance of Young Children1178 Words   |  5 Pagessimply not within their developm ental capabilities. 2. The majorities of teachers that I have interacted have tended to display the authoritative parenting style. They appeared to have respect for their students and allowed them to have a voice in classroom decisions. The teachers also exuded warmth and had genuine care and concern for their students. When students required discipline, the teachers did explain the reason to the child in most circumstances. However, one teacher that I worked withRead MoreLeading For Literacy : Promoting Quality Education1050 Words   |  5 Pagesin the classroom in Pre K – 3 grades, by using both better programs and raising the requirement for reading teachers. Mr. Murphy believes and research supports that an effective teacher can be successful teaching children to read with any materials; however, an ineffective teacher will likely fail to produce the same results even with the best materials available. Therefore, based on this research it has been suggested that teacher effectiveness i s the most important part in the classroom in regardsRead MoreVygotsky ´s Zone Proximal Development Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagesshaping of cognitive development. He is one of the first in children development that emphasized on cultural context. I have chosen his theory and what it entails for this paper because its very interesting and some certain parts of his theory like scaffolding and the zone proximal development were relatable to my experience at my field site. This theorist believed that our minds, cognition, and psychological abilities could be development with mental tools as much our physical tools expand our physicalRead MoreAn Comprehensive Literacy Instruction Is Essential And Paints The Picture For A Child s Success806 Words   |  4 Pagesawareness also help with reading comprehension. Preparing a child for fluency and comprehension means doing the basics and leading up to the high expected skills. Each step in developing reading and writing is built off the other; for example, cause and effect. What is an affective comprehensive literacy instruction? Is one better than the other? This essay will define comprehension literacy instruction and explain how to scaffold a child’s literacy development. What Is Comprehensive Literacy InstructionRead MoreThe Second Factor Is All Domains Have A Set Course Of Developing.1243 Words   |  5 Pagesfor teachers to have high expectations and help every child succeed. The fifth factor is a child’s positive and negative experiences when they were young effect their development and learning. These experiences can effect the child’s brain development, social skills and academic achievement, but early intervention can help minimize negative effects. Next, development enhances the child’s self-regulation and relationships, which is completed by the child learning to become more independent, which beginsRead MoreA Comparison of Theorists989 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences cognitive development. One of Vygotsky vital points is scaffolding, which views children as enthusiastically constructing themselves and their environment. Vygotsky argues that one of the most important mechanisms of scaffolding is the arrangement of children in motivating and ethnically meaningful problem solving activities. â€Å"Vygotsky is a firm believer that social interaction and cultural influences have a huge effect on a student and how learning occurs† (Powell, Kalina, pg. 245, 2009)Read MoreEssay about Educational Approach: Collaborative Group Work 674 Words   |  3 Pageswithin a schooling environment. These three themes group work; authentic learning and self-efficacy are concepts that can be incorporated into the classroom in order to provide successful educational outcomes. I will also explore the interconnecting theories that are related to the three main themes, providing informed knowledge that is relevant to a classroom context. Lastly, I will integrate these themes in with my values as a future teacher and demonstrate the effectiveness learning theories can provide

Scenario planning †Industry scenarios Free Essays

Before embarking on the discussion, there is one question or so we need to ask ourselves. What is a scenario? What is scenario planning all about? What constitutes industry scenario planning? Straight away, a scenario is a story or a descriptive narrative about the future which aims at sketching the boundaries of the probable and it is assembled on a methodical scrutiny of various factors bearing in mind those alternatives which are credible and somewhat measurable. These factors are: – social, political, economic, environmental and technological. We will write a custom essay sample on Scenario planning – Industry scenarios or any similar topic only for you Order Now Future environment of a given business, region or policy area could be shaped by these very factors. According to the World Economic Forum, the scenarios explore three or four dissimilar eventualities of how the world might look if the most uncertain and important drivers unfold in different ways. The same source elaborates further that good scenarios are not just dry, analytical descriptions of possible future outcomes. No matter how meticulous they are constructed, they should also be well inspired and highly compelling enough to engage the imagination. They challenge postulations wile at the same time raising awareness of fundamental factors and inspire participants into fresh thinking about what could happen and what it would mean for them. They offer both a new perspective on events and a scaffold for positive deliberations. Scenario planning on the other hand can be used by distributors as a tool of management to predict and benefit from change. In this article, we shall briefly introduce scenario planning, its relevance in connection to distributors and we shall also look at its application as a valuable tool in the industrial sense. As we have said above, that when we think of scenario planning, one great point that has to cross our minds is that a range of alternative futures has to be put into consideration, each of which is considerably diverse and varied from the present operating atmosphere. It would be better to compare and contrast alternative views on how the industry may evolve rather than pinning ourselves on a single forecast which we have assumed to be most probable. Scenario planning is externally oriented and therefore very effective at identifying growth strategies for the company as well as impending threats to its market positions. Scenarios can also help us identify the specific external industry changes that might be causing the company to lose market share or margins. In his article, Scenario Planning Basics for Distributors, Fein Adam presents ways in which distributors are using scenario planning to the betterment of the company. Distributors, he says, should make sure that the management of their company does not erroneously presuppose that changes will not place in the future. In other words, they should explore all the possibilities the company can face and, not only that but, come up with viable alternatives. In connection to this point, they should also assist the management to identify and understand possible threats comprehensively. They should point out growth strategies for the company and test the success of its current strategy in various possible futures. Lastly, they should understand and appropriately react to new customer buying behavior since the customer is the basic unit of the industry and the satisfaction of the customer should be the prime objective of any decision made by the company. Facing the Forces of Change has suggestions of four possible scenarios for distributors to consider. The first scenario is that which stretches into the future and here distributors have entirely incorporated technology into their companies. Given the high level of information development, customers expect distributors to work with them impeccably across numerous communication interfaces. Distributors have effectively achieved this due to rapid rates of developments. These distributors still remain the prime route to market for manufacturers. Coordinated Channels is another scenario where customers seek more information directly from manufacturers. Here, manufacturer Web sites give existing product specifications, comprehensive technical data and also appropriate product feature are selected by the customers who want such information. This information can be accessed by the customers both directly and indirectly. Directly they get connected to the manufacturer Web site and indirectly through an allied distributor’s Web site. Product collaboration between manufacturers and distributors is undertaken on the internet with marketing and inventory management also being done in the channel. However, it still remains the role of the distributors to provide information back to the manufacturer and ensure new performance qualifications are met The third scenario is the one describing a world where consumers and producers pay for the specific conduit activities they may be in need of. This Unbundled Supply Chain has distributors competing directly with supply chain organizations and intermediaries in this scenario are rewarded according to their rate of activity performance. That is, what they have done on behalf of their customers and producers. In the fourth scenario, there is a world with a cluster of consumers forming open and non-profit online exchanges. These common platforms handle the data among supply chain partners. Scenario planning requires a few guidelines to be followed. One must establish a core planning team because analysis of the strategic implications is best in groups. Secondly, a cross section of expertise should be availed, and this includes the heads of the all functional areas of the company. Bringing the ideas of the thinkers the company is endowed with is such a feat worth the take. It is worthwhile to include the outside people by incorporating information gathered from them into the whole system. The focus here should be on infusing appealing and challenging perspectives into the discussion. Outsiders include customers, suppliers, consultants and competitors who hold a vital position in the success of the company. There should be great care in selecting the person to facilitate the scenario planning strategy. An employee of the company should not be part of the choice, neither the senior executive officers. This is because the facilitator should be someone who is focused on planning processes and the two do not appear in this category. Implications scenario planning, just as other forms of business planning, needs an extensive spending of resources from all the individuals of the company. Therefore, the support of top management is a very important determinant of success the company’s planning capability. What this implies is that there should be readiness from every corner of the company in order for this planning strategy to work in the success and goodwill of the company. An honest assessment must be carried out to ascertain as to whether the senior decision makers in the company are not only involved but also dedicated to the scenario planning process. Should the company be unready to work with the process, then even the most sophisticated techniques of a manual or outside consultant are destined to fail. In addition, if the company is faced with a threat of financial insolvency, then it must suspend the identification of long-term threats and other prospects until business stabilizes because this kind of planning is not suited with survival planning. Disruptive innovation is one of the revolutionary theories of technological change used to describe the impact of new technologies on firm’s existence. (Nauosa Hirotta). Combining scenario planning with disruptive innovation is unavoidable in this era of high level of technological embrace. It is sure and straight that a company which does not embrace technology in its strategic plan is left behind. Disruptive technology which initiates the advent of disruptive innovations for example e-marketing is a vital tool but has to be fused with industry scenario so that the company does not lose its clients for the companies. Summary There must be clear repercussions for the company and its strategy if at all scenarios planning is intended to be meaningful. Each scenario can be viewed as a playing ground in which the company finds itself competing in the future and this allows us to apply all of the apparatus of competitive analysis within a given industry setting. The same tools can then be applied in a totally different future. For us to have the best out of scenario planning, a scrutiny of the company’s position must be known. The company may be one which can manipulate how the future evolves by virtue of actions and investments of its members. On the other hand, if it is too small or insufficiently influential, it becomes a scenario taker and in this case its must carefully examine its line of trade and customers so that it is prepared to react and adjust quickly to changes. Such scenario takers will find it wise to rapidly imitate and adopt to survive; they must do what good companies do. Bibliography: http://www.12manage.com/methods_christensen_disruptive_innovation.html Olaisen J, A Johannessen, B Olsen, – International Journal of Information Management, 1999 – Elsevier Page 15 Fein Adam. â€Å"Scenario Planning Basics for Distributors† Accessed last on February 27, 2008 from URL: Accessed last on February 27, 2008 from URL: http://www.mdm.com/stories/fein3206.html International Journal of Information Management, Volume 19, Issue 4, August 1999, Pages 263-275 Jon-arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen and Bjà ¸rn Olsen Disruptive Technology May 3, 2007, Accessed on February 28, 2008 from URL: http://www.changemakers.net/competition/disruptive/definition How to cite Scenario planning – Industry scenarios, Papers

Women In Ancient Times From Matriarchy To Patriarchy Essay Example For Students

Women In Ancient Times: From Matriarchy To Patriarchy Essay In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, mostly figurines of the same type as the Venus of Willendorf*, Lespugue** and Laussel*** (old statuettes representing obese women, women whose wombs and hips are extremely exaggerated) all dating to the Paleolithic period, far outnumber images of men. This has lead to speculation about the place of women in Stone Age society. Some have argued that these female figures denote the existence during this period of a prominent female deity identified usually as the Earth Mother or the Mother Goddess. On the basis of this assumption, it has been suggested that, unlike today, women played a considerably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society; that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men havent always been the leaders; its not an inborn quality (as a lot of them suggest)! We will write a custom essay on Women In Ancient Times: From Matriarchy To Patriarchy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Johann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that there were three cultural stages that the early European culture went through. In his view the first stage was a barbaric or hetairistic stage (from the Greek word hetero meaning both) where both or actually neither sex was really in control for there was no control. The strong took advantage of the weak, and there was wide-spread wanton sexual activity, uncontrolled by values or morals. Bachofen thought that Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, was the chief deity of this time. The second stage was the matriarchal stage, where women banded together for their own defense. Strong Greek hunter/warrior goddesses such as Artemis and Athena were thought by Bachofen to have come from ancient fragments of memory stemming from this time, as well as the mythic Amazons and Furies. This middle stage saw the development of agriculture, and the rise of early civilization in Bachofen à s view. The third or last stage saw the domination of women by men. Myths depicting the rise of power of Zeus over the Titans, his many sexual conquests, the rape of Persephone by Hades, the slaying of the Medusa by Perseus, and the slaying of the Sphinx by Oedipus were thought to be a mythic account of the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy. In the mid-20th Century the British novelist, poet, and classicist Robert Graves lent much more credence to this theory of a primeval matriarchy in the Ancient World. Graves felt that there was much evidence to show that the earliest cultures universally worshipped an Earth Mother Goddess. Graves also based much of his beliefs on the analysis of ancient myths. He also felt that Goddess worship coincided with the time when calendars were primarily determined by the Moon, and noted the correspondence of the lunar and menstrual cycles, and that the Earth Mother was associated with the Moon Goddess. He also felt that the changeover to the patriarchy coincided largely with the changeover to the solar calendar and the worship of a solar deity. Extensive archaeological evidence was unearthed in the 1950s 60s and 70s from the Near East and Europe to support his claim of a universal Earth Mother. This work has shown that there was a close correspondence of Earth Goddess worship, lunar symbology and calendars and the cultivation of plants by sedentary tribes. Right from its beginnings, the theory of matriarchy, was very much argued and contradicted. It seems men had a very difficult time accepting this reality. But why is that, since, even today, in the less developed primitive societies, matriarchy still dominates. Good examples of such societies are the Trobriands, the Kirghis, the Fijian, the Samoans, the Kuril, the Bhotiya and Sikkim (Tibet), and the Khorassan. In all these cultures the wife is dominant and the rules of proper conduct are quite shocking to the western culture. Almost all these societies practice what Briffault calls clandestine marriage; the position of the husband is one of a stranger, guest, or surreptitious visitor within the group to which his wife belongs. One of the Japanese words for marriage is home-iri, which may be interpreted as to slip by night into the house, and the expression accurately describes the mode of connubial intercourse among a large proportion of primitive peoples. The mother-in-law is treated with much circumspection and in some cases with even fear. The argument of the primal matriarchy was further articulated by, among others, Friedrich Engels in his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State published in 1884. Engels argued that the transition from primate societies to the earliest human social structure was achieved by granting to solidarity a supreme importance which transcended even sexual competitiveness and jealousy. According to Engels, solidarity was achieved through group marriage where whole groups of kin-related women were collectively married to whole groups of men. Under these circumstances, only the mother of a child was known, so kinship tended to be traced through the female line, creating what Engels called a matrilineal clan. .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .postImageUrl , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:hover , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:visited , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:active { border:0!important; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:active , .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0 .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5463aa6eddf7b9d2482f838777a63d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: During The 1970s, Health Concerns About The Herbicides Brought About G EssayAncient Egypt, a very patriarchal society today, is an example of a matrilineal clan. Women in Egypt seem to have enjoyed the same legal and economic rights as men, a situation which the Greeks, writing about the Egyptians, found very strange. Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, and who had visited Egypt, lists among their contrary customs that women buy and sell, the men abide at home and weave. Diodorus of Sicily, who had visited Egypt some time between 60 and 56 BC, writes that the Egyptians had a law permitting men to marry their sisters and adds that it was ordained that the queen should have greater power and honor than the king and that among private persons the wife should enjoy authority over her husband. Such notions have contributed to the so-called heiress theory which argues that the right to the throne in Ancient Egypt was transmitted through the female line. A man, no matter what his status, the eldest son of the previous pharaoh or a commoner, became a pharaoh through his relationship to the queen. The à pharaohship was legitimized through marriage to the heiress who was often the pharaohs sister or his half-sister. It has been argued, therefore, that Ancient Egypt was a matrilineal society where power resided in the female line. There is evidence to show that the female line of inheritance was still intact in the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) and, though not as strong, matrilineal descent in Ancient Egypt persisted even through the Ptolomaic period (323-30 BCE), ending finally with the death of Queen Cleopatra VII. Another example of matrilineal societies are the Aegean Bronze Age cultures. Although suppressed by patriarchal societies much sooner than in Egypt, the power of the Greek matriarchal culture surfaces even today through such stories as the Iliad and the Odyssey. This woman dominated society switched to a male dominated one as soon as invaders from Western Europe began to settle in the Balkans. Very soon the position of the Greek women dropped so low, that the only difference between them and slaves was by name. The female in ancient Greek history was excluded not only from social and political life but also from the world of reason and love (communication and expression with the male race). She had no formal education (female children were largely taught to read and write informally, in their homes and usually by their mothers or by slaves who acted as tutors) and, therefore, was considered inadequate for the training of new generations; this fell into the hands of the men. Greek wom en were married as young as 14 or 15 to a man as arranged by her family. He may be as old as 30 and could very well be dead by age 45. A widow was expected to remarry, particularly if she was still of childbearing age. The Greeks also had an interesting ritual associated with marriage: on the night in which the marriage was consummated, the bride was dressed in a mans cloak and sandals and laid in an unlit room to wait for her new husband. This ritual is considered a transition period for a man from a homosexual world of the mess (a male aristocratic association) to heterosexuality. For the respectable women, the home was the center of private life and the focus of daily activity. To run the household was her foremost responsibility, second only to her duty to bear children. Because of the overwhelming desire for sons and the need for an heir, couples rarely kept more than one daughter. The practice of exposing unwanted children was common to both cultures. The discarded babies were often picked up and raised as slaves or prostitutes. Later, laws were passed which rewarded women with three or more children in hopes of discouraging the exposure of babies. Upper class Athenian wives lived in near seclusion in the womens quarters of their husbands homes. They had next to no contact with the outside world. Their responsibilities were those of motherhood, spinning, weaving, and sewing for the making of the familys clothing, the gathering of vegetables, the harvesting of fruit, preparing and serving food, the supervision of the slaves and bathing and tending to guests. Sexual and emotional intimacy between husband and wife was minimal. Sex in Greek culture was not an activity for women to enjoy, but rather only a means to create citizens. However, there is evidence of birth control: women mostly used crude pessaries or douches made up of honey and vinegar. .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .postImageUrl , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:hover , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:visited , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:active { border:0!important; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:active , .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6278ab56b8119251e7276b81afc6c72b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism Essay Middle and lower class Athenian women led a less confined life. Their husbands had higher expectations of productivity for them because of the inability to afford idleness. This sector of women had a wider circle of friends and acquaintances. Spartan women enjoyed a less restricted life than that of their Athenian sisters. Because their chief contribution to the state was producing future warriors, the Spartan women were better fed, married later, exercised and enjoyed a less restricted sex life. The Roman women shared a very similar life to that of their Greek counterparts. A womans legal status was virtually entirely dependent upon the men in her life. She was essentially passed from father to husband, surrendering her dowry and any property she was to inherit to her husband. As she was considered property, it was rare she possessed property of her own or engaged in business, commerce or anything but a limited scope of frowned-upon professions. Until the first century A.D. law did not require consent of the female for marriage. Emperor Augustus that issued a law which penalized unmarried and childless women between the ages of 20 and 50, including any divorcees and widows who didnt marry within 18 months of her divorce or two years after her husbands death. A man who divorced his wife for reasons other than adultery, poisoning a child or tampering with the household keys was required to give his wife half of his property. Wives were not allowed to bring charges of adultery against their husband, or any other man. If she lent her house out to someone for the use of adultery, she was guilty for adultery as well. Once a woman was named an adulterer, she could not marry again. Adultery was considered a legal motive for murder. The only person who could charge a man with adultery was another man. Slaves could never lawfully marry. They instead underwent quasi-marriages known as countubernium, which had no status under the law. Unmarried upper-class women, including widows, were forbidden to have sexual relations, but upper class men were entitled to have sex with prostitutes and other lower class women. While Roman womens lives focused mainly on domestic duties, they were not cut off from the events of the world outside their homes. Unlike the women of classical Greece, Roman women frequently attended social events and dined with the men in the family, thus hearing and participating in daily discussions of the problems of both family and community. Roman womens primary importance was also bearing children. In the Roman Empire, a committed wife was expected to lie still during sexual intercourse because it was believed that this ensured conception. We come to wonder what exactly happened that brought the earlier strong and independent women to such submissiveness. Merlin Stone concluded, in his book When God was a woman, that the end of the matriarchy was ultimately a result of ownership, paternity, and inheritance issues: Upon reading the Levite laws it became apparent that the sexual autonomy of women in the religion of the Goddess posed a continual threat. It undermined the far reaching goals of the men, perhaps led or influenced by Indo-European peoples, who viewed women as property and aimed at a society in which male kinship was the rule, as it had long been in Indo-European nations. This in turn required that each woman be retained as the possession of one man, leaving no doubt as to the identity of the father of the children she might bear, especially her sons. But male kinship lines remained impossible as long as women were allowed to function as sexually independent people, continuing to bear children whose paternity was not known or considered to be of any importance. Supporting the same idea, Evelyn Reed observes in her book Womans evolution from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family, that: the most important feature of marriage from its very inception has gone largely unobserved: it was a new kind of union composed of husband and wife, distinctly different form the former clan union of sisters and brothers. The two were in fundamental antagonism to each other. Thus, although marriage was introduced by the mothers within the framework of the maternal clan structure, in the end marriage would undermine the matriarchy. Therefore womankind gave up its most powerful weapon in maintaining its dominance in a world of fatherless children and brought about itself the torments of patriarchy, by instutionalizing marriage. Unfortunately, unlike the matriarchy, patriarchy has lasted to our present day. Of course there has been major progress since the days of the Roman Empire, now it is illegal to consider women lower then men in any sense (at least in some countries), yet most of us still see the world through the patriarchal curtain that covers our eyes.